Language Politeness

Understanding of politeness

Politeness (politiness), courtesy, or etiquette is a procedure, custom, or custom prevailing in the society. Politeness is the rules of conduct established and agreed upon jointly by a given society as well as a prerequisite sehingg politeness which was agreed by the social behavior. Therefore, this politeness is usually called "manners".

Based on such understanding, politeness can be seen from the various facets of everyday interactions. First, the politeness which contains the value of demonstrating good manners or etiquette in everyday interactions. When people say politely, then in a person that illustrated the value of manners or etiquette values are well accepted in society where someone was megambil part as members. When he said to polite society give value to him, whether the appraisal is conducted immediately (sudden) or conventional (long, time consuming). Of course, the assessment in this long process more perpetuate the value given to him.

Second, politeness is very contextual, that is valid in a society, place, or a particular situation, but not necessarily valid bagia people, places, or other situations. When someone meets with a close friend, he is okay to use a rather harsh words out loud, but it is not polite when addressed to the guest or someone who had known. Tasting or chewing food with his mouth sounded less polite when I'm eating with people at a banquet, but it was not so polite to say less when done at home.

Third, politeness is always bipolar, which has bi-polar relationship, such as between children and parents, between young people and older people, between the host and guests, among men and women, between students and teachers, and so forth.

Fourth, politeness is reflected in the dress code (dress), how to do (acting), and how to speak (language).

Type of politeness

Based on that last point, politeness can be divided into three, namely modest dress, modesty act, and politeness. Unless dressed, the last two politeness is not easily defined because there are no standard norms that can be used for both types kesantunn it.

In a modest dress (dress, grooming), there are two things to note. First, modest dress in public places, ie to avoid clothing that can stimulate other people especially the opposite sex, such as clothing opaque (transparent), revealing which are generally closed, and the skirt is too mini or cut too high. Second, dress neat and appropriate, ie formal dress on formal occasions, dressed casually in relaxed situations, dressed in a swimming pool at the time. No matter how expensive bathing suit, would not be appropriate when used in an official ceremony.

Politeness works is the way of acting or gestures when faced with something or in a situation tertentu.misalnya when receiving guests, a visit to someone's home, sitting in a classroom, dealing with people we respect, walking in a public place, wait in line (queue), eating together in public places, and so forth. Mmasing respective situations and circumstances require different procedures. At the time of eating together, for example, require kesantuan in how to sit, how to pick up food, eating or chewing, how to use a spoon, how to clean the mouth after eating, and how to use a toothpick. For instance associated with the politeness of action, for example, is not gloomily polite when we faced when receiving guests, sat down with "jigrang" when the class lectures, hands on hips when talking with parents, ahead of others with brushed body or when walking in public places for no reason , nyelonong to the counter when the others were lined up waiting their turn, yawn as wide as he took out the sound in front of others, and gouged out the tooth without closing your mouth when you're eating together in public places.

Politeness is reflected in the way of communicating through sign language or verbal procedures. When communicating, we are subject to cultural norms, not just convey the idea that we think. Ordinance language should be in accordance with cultural elements that exist in a society where life and dipergunannya a language to communicate. If someone tida ordinance language in accordance with cultural norms, then he will get a negative value, such as a person accused of a cocky, arrogant, indifferent, selfish, not well-mannered, not even civilized.

Ordinance language is very important to note the participants communication (communicator and communicants) for smooth communication. Therefore, the issue of ordinance language should be getting attention, especially in teaching and learning languages. By knowing the ordinance language could be expected that more people understand the messages conveyed in the language of communication because the ordinance aims to regulate the following series.

1. What should be said at the time and circumstances.
2. What a reasonable variety of language used in certain situations.
3. When and how to turn talk and conversation between applied.
4. How to set the sound loudness when speaking.
5. How attitudes and gestures keika speak.
6. When to shut up and end the conversation.

Procedure for someone speaking diengaruhi cultural norms tribe or society. The procedure differs from the English-language-speaking Americans ordinance even though they both speak English. Likewise, the ordinance language Javanese language different from the procedures of the Batak people even though they are both speaking Indonsia. This shows that the culture that is ingrained in an individual influence on the language patterns. That is why we need to learn or understand the cultural norms prior to or in addition to learning language. Therefore, procedures that follow the language of cultural norms will result in politeness.

Establishment of politeness

As noted in advance that describes politeness politeness or courtesy speakers. Politeness (by Leech, 1986) in essence should be pay attention to four principles.

First, the application of the principle of politeness (politeness principle) in the language. This principle is characterized by maximizing the pleasure / wisdom, benefits, taste salute or respect, praise, fitness, and kesimpatikan to others' and (bersmaan with it) to minimize pad those things yourself.

In communicating, in addition to applying the principle of cooperation (cooperative principle) with the four maxims (rules) percakupannya, that maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, relevance maxims, and maxims ways; also apply the principle of propriety with the sixth maksimnay, namely (1) maxim policy priority to the language of wisdom, (2) maxim that menguatamakan gains acceptance for others and losses for self, (3) generosity maxim that prioritizes kesalutan / respect for others and a sense of lack of respect for self, (4) modesty maxim priority to praise others and humility in themselves, (5) maxim that prioritizes match fitness on others, and (6) maxim that mengutakan kesimpatisan sympathy on others. By applying the principles of decency, people swordfish longer use phrases yag demeaning others so that communication will be run in a conducive situation.

Berkut's an example which shows that the A following the principle of modesty by maximizing the compliment to his friend who just graduated with honors masters cumlaud and timely, but the B does not follow the principles of civility as to maximize a sense of great respect or to yourself.

A: Congratulations, you're graduating with a maximum!
B: Oh, I really deserve a predicate cumlaud.

Second, avoidance of use of the word tabu (taboo). In most communities, the words that smelled of sex, words that refer padaorgan-organ lazimditutupi clothing, words that refer to something that disgusting thing, and the words "dirty" daqn "rough" includes the words taboo and not commonly used in everyday communication, except for certain purposes. The following example was successively sentence using the word taboo because it is spoken to the lecturer when oelh student lecture.

- Sir, please permit out for a while, I want to defecate!
- Please permit, Mom, I want to pee!

Third, in connection with the avoidance of taboo words, the use of euphemism, namely penghalus expression. Use of this euphemism should be applied to avoid a negative impression. Examples of students who are classified as taboo sentences above would be a polite expression when modified by the use of euphemisms, such as the following.

- Sir, please permit a second, sha want to defecate.
Or, an even smoother:
- Sir, please permit a minute, I want to go to the washroom.
Or, a finely peling:
- Sir, please permit a minute, I want to go back.

To remember is, euphemisms should be used fairly, not excessive. If the euphemism has shifted the sense of a word, not to refine the words taboo, then it resulted ketidaksantunan euphemism, even abuse. For example, the use of euphemism to cover up the fact that there is, which is often said officials. The word "poor" replaced with "Pre", "hunger" replaced with "starvation", "fraud" replaced "procedural mistake," detained "replaced" laid off ", and so forth. Here lies the public occurred. Hoaxes that includes part of ktidaksantunan language.

Fourth, the use of honorific word choice, namely respect for berbcara expression and greet others. The use of honorific words are not only valid for a familiar language levels (undha-usuk, Java), but applies also to the languages of tidakmengenal levels. Except for the familiar language levels, the determination of honorific words have been defined by default and systematic use of every level. For example, the language of manners inggil (high barrel) in the Java language is used to people who need social and age levels higher than the speaker, or to people who are respected by the speaker.

Although the Indonesian did not know the level, you call yourself said, you, you, Mr / bu has the effect of different politeness when we used to greet people. The four sentences below shows the level of politeness when one young man asked an older man.

(1) Where are you going?
(2) Where do you want?
(3) You amau where?
(4) Where you headed?

In this context, the sentence (1) and (2) no or less polite diucapkanoleh younger people, but the sentence (4) was the one who should say if the speakers wanted to show modesty. Sentence (3) if the original speakers of less commonly spoken by people who greet familiar, though more worthy use of the sentence (4).

Conversations that do not use any greeting words can lead to kekurangsantunan for speakers. Telephone conversations between the student and faculty wives kekurangsopanan following is an example.

Student: Hello, this Supomo house, huh?
Wife: Yes.
Coed: This is her sister, huh?
Wife: No, his wife. Who is this?
Student: his students. He's my supervisor. Had an appointment with me at kapus. How come I've been waiting for does not exist.
Wife: Oh, so, anyway.
Student: Yes, it is, then.
(The phone was quickly closed down.)

The professor's wife thinks that the student who just was not polite on the phone, just because the students did not follow the norms of politeness, that does not use the word greeting when the professor's name. Language students like it could be appropriate in the public speakers of other languages, but speakers of Indonesian society valued less (even no) manners. Therefore, the proper course when the professor's wife appeared irritations after receiving the student's phone. Plus telephone procedures coed who also did not follow tatakram, which showed no identity or previous name and terminated without saying thank you or greeting cover.

The main objective is to facilitate communication politeness. Therefore, the language that deliberately dibelit oemakaian-belitkan, is inappropriate, or that do not express the truth because it was reluctant to older people is also a language ketidaksantunan. This fact is often found in Indonesian society kaena carried away by the culture "is not straightforward" and show feelings. Within certain limits can still be tolerated if the speaker does not intend mengaburka communication so that people who talk do not know what he meant.

Aspects Affecting Non-linguistic politeness

Because the ordinance language is always associated with the use of language as communication systems, in addition to the elements of verbal, nonverbal elements are always involved in communication also needs to be addressed. Nonverbal elements referred to are the elements of paralinguistic, kinetic, and proksemika. Pemerhatian these elements also in achieving politeness.

Viri-related paralinguistic features a voice whispered, her voice rising, low voice, the voice of moderate, loud, or changing the intonation that accompanies the verbal element in the language. Speakers must understand when these elements were applied when talking with others if they want to say polite. For example, when there is a speaker speaking in a seminar, if participants at the seminar wanted to speak with his friend, is a polite way whispering so as not to interfere with an ongoing event, but less polite whisper to her friend in a conversation that involves all participants because it may cause misunderstanding on other participants. Loud speakers that accompany the verbal element when communicating with his boss might be considered impolite, but it is understandable if the speakers talking to people with less hearing.

Hand gestures, nods his head, shaking his head, blinking eyes, and facial expression as an element of melancholy and smile kinesik (or something called gestures, gestures), which also need to be considered when communicating. If its use in conjunction with verbal elements in communication, verbal function as pemerjelas elements. For example, a child asked his mother to the doctor, he replied "No, do not want" (verbal), shaking his head (kinesik). However, if its use is separate from the verbal elements, the same function with the verbal element, namely signs convey a message to the recipient. For example, when it intends to call his friend, concerned enough to use hand gestures instead of repeatedly saying "Hey, come here quick!".

Actually a lot of gestures (gestures) used separately with the verbal element because of certain considerations. For example, because there is a secret meaning, just with a wink to the other communication to those around them do not know the purpose of communication. A father spread his index finger vertically in front of the mouth to keep her child (the recipient sign) immediately shut because he had been joking with friends when the Friday sermon lasted. There are many other examples that can be presented related to this kinetic. However, to note in this context is the kinetic or motion cues (gesture) can be utilized to create politeness, and can also be misused to create ketidaksantunan language. Facial expression smiling when welcoming guests will create politeness, but rather a gloomy expression on his face when he talked with his guest considered less polite.

Other nonlinguistic elements to consider when communicating verbally is proksemika, namely the attitude of care recipients distance between speakers and speech (or between communicators and communicants) before or when communicating progress. Implementation of these elements will impact on politeness or ketidaksantunan bwerkomunikasi. When someone meets with old friends, after a long separation, he immediately shook closely and bernagkulan; continued by telling each other, patting his shoulder. But when he met with former professor, although long separated, he immediately lowered his head as he bwrjabat hands with both hands. The former professor, holding out her hand, patted his left hand bersangkuan students.

In the second example that event, there were signs of differences in distance between the giver and the recipient signs. If the distance guarding two events dipertikarkan, it would have looked odd, even considered rude. Mamsih many other examples related to this proksemika, such as attitude and host a sitting position while receiving guests, a sitting position when talking with the leaders in the boardroom, a leadership posture when speaking in front of his men, and so forth. What is clear, appropriate guarding distance between communication participants will demonstrate harmony, harmony, and the way of speaking.

Based on the discussion above we can conclude that elements of paralinguistic, kinetic, and appropriate to the situation prolsemika deperlukan communication in the creation of politeness. The third arrangement of these elements are not rigid and absolute because each context the situation is different. What is important, how the three elements of communication could create a situation which does not cause misunderstanding and ketersinggungan to be invited to communicate.

In addition to the above three elements, another thing that should be attempted is to guard the mood or situation of communication by the participants involved. Mialnya, when there is an event that requires a serious discussion with, it is not polite to use the mobile phone (cell phone) or received a call from outside, especially with a loud voice. If terpaka use or receive a phone, you should stay away from the event or the sound is reduced.

The tendency to dominate conversation, chat with friends next door when there pertmuan in the official forums, look the other way harassing style speakers, or a cynical chuckle is in part a way that does not maintain an atmosphere conducive to communication, safely, and wear, which could result in disturbing communication purposes.
Simak
Baca secara fonetik
Kamus - Lihat kamus yang lebih detailGoogle Terjemahan untuk:PenelusuranVideoEmailTeleponObrolanBisnisTentang Google TerjemahanMatikan terjemahan instanPrivasiBantuan
©2010Business ToolsTentang Google TerjemahanBlogCeritakan kisah AndaPrivasiBantuan