Air Pollution, An Introduction

1. General
This paper explores overview of air pollution. understanding, the impact on environmental quality and human health and the latest technology to reduce them. The more rapid economic progress will encourage the increasing transportation needs, on the other side of the natural environment that supports human lives of the more threatened the quality, the negative effects of air pollution to human life increasingly grew. For that brief article is presented as a starting material for the step to create a healthy and comfortable environment. Air pollution is the entry, or tercampurnya dangerous elements into the atmosphere which can cause environmental damage, disruption to human health in general as well as reduced environmental quality. Air pollution can occur everywhere, such as in homes, schools, and office. Pollution is often called indoor pollution (indoor pollution). Meanwhile outdoor pollution (outdoor pollution) comes from vehicle emissions, industrial, shipping, and natural processes of living beings. Sources of air pollutants can be classified into the source still and moving sources. Source consists of silent power plants, industries and households. While the source is the activity engaged in motor vehicle traffic and sea transport. From the year 1999 BPS data, in some provinces, especially in big cities such as Medan, Surabaya and Jakarta, motor vehicle emissions are the largest contribution to the concentration of NO2 and CO in the air of more than 50%. Decrease in air quality that continues to happen over the last few years shows us that how important earnest efforts of these emission reductions. Whether through counseling to the public or to conduct research for the implementation of emission reduction technologies.

2. Substances Air Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Traffic fumes are a major source for carbon monoxide in various cities. Data revealed that 60% of air pollution in Jakarta due to moving objects or public transport, especially diesel fuel derived from metrominis [5]. CO formation is a function of the ratio of air and fuel needs in the process of combustion in diesel engine combustion chamber. Good mixing between air and fuel in particular that happened on machines that use Turbocharge is one strategy to minimize CO emissions. Carbon monoxide is increased in many urban areas can lead to decline in fetal weight and increased infant mortality and brain damage. Therefore, the carbon monoxide concentration reduction strategy will depend on such emission control catalyst that transforms pengggunaan carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and the use of renewable fuels for low-pollution vehicles

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Until the year 1999 NOx derived from marine transportation in Japan contributed 38% of total NOx emissions (25,000 tons / year) [4]. NOx is formed of three functions of temperature (T), reaction time (t), and the concentration of oxygen (O2), NOx = f (T, t, O2). Theoretically, there are three theories that suggest the formation of NOx, namely:
1.Thermal NOx (Extended Zeldovich Mechanism)
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2. Prompt NOx
NOx formation will be formed rapidly at the burning zone.
NOx 3.Fuel
NOx formation was formed because the N content in the fuel.
Approximately 90% of NOx emissions is thermal NOx due process, and noted that with the use of HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil), the fuel used in boats, donated NOx emissions by 20-30%. Nitrogen oxides in the air that is inhaled by humans can cause lung damage. After these substances react with the atmosphere to form nitrate particles so fine that can penetrates deep into the lungs. Besides these substances if the oxides react with gasoline fumes that are not burned perfectly and other hydrocarbon substances will form a low ozone or Smog cloudy reddish brown haze that blanketed most of the city in the world.
SOx (Sulphur Oxide: SO2, SO3)
SOx emissions are formed from the function of sulfur content in fuel, in addition to sulfur content in the lubricant, may also lead to the formation of SOx emissions. Sulfur formed in the bonding structure and alkyl aromatics. In the process of combustion of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide formed from the reaction:

S + O2 = SO2
SO2 + 1 / 2 O2 = SO3

SO3 content in very low SOx is about 1-5%. Strong-smelling gas that is colorless but this can cause asthma attacks, even if this gas in the atmosphere will react to form acid. WHO UN agency said that in 1987 the amount of sulfur dioxide in the air has reached the threshold specified by the WHO.
Hydrocarbon emissions (HC)
On the machine, Hydrocarbon emissions (HC) was formed from a variety of sources. No burning of fuel is perfect, no burning of cylinder lubricating oil is one of the causes of the emergence of HC emissions. HC emissions on HFO fuel commonly used on large diesel engines will be less when compared with a diesel engine fueled Diesel Oil (DO). HC emissions is in the form of methane gas (CH4). This type of emission can cause leukemia and cancer.
Particulate Matter (PM)
Dust particles in the exhaust emissions consist of various components. Not only the form of solid matter but also as a liquid that settles in dust particles. In the process of burning dust formed from the breakdown of hydrocarbons and the oxidation process elements afterwards. The dust contained in the dust itself and some of the content of metal oxides. In the process of further expansion in the atmosphere, metal and dust content of the particulate form. Several elements of the carbon content of particulate matter, Sof (Soluble Organic Fraction), dust, SO4, and H2O. Some particulate objects out of the factory chimney as thick black smoke, but the most dangerous is fine granules so it can penetrate the deepest part of the lung. Please also note that in several major cities in the world change into sulfate particles in the atmosphere is mostly caused because the process of sulfur oxide by molecule.

3. Negative Effect For Air Pollution Health Body
Table 1 describes the effect of air pollution on living things. Range value indicates the category boundary regions according to levels inhabited by human health. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter are some of the parameters of air pollution generated by the dominant sources of pollution. From other observations of note that some cities are known to fall into that category is not healthy based on PSI (Air Pollutants Standard Index) is a Jakarta (26 points), Semarang (1 point), Surabaya (3 points), Bandung (1 point), Medan ( 6 points), Pontiac (16 points), Palangkaraya (4 points), and the New Week (14 points). One location in Jakarta, which is an area known to very unhealthy category based on field observations.

4. About Technology of Vehicle Emission Reduction
At first glance from the engine emission reduction technologies can be categorized into two major parts, reduction of emissions of primary methods and secondary methods of emission reduction [6]. The primary method for reducing emissions is as follows:
Based on fuel:

* Use of low fuel nitrogen and sulfur, including the use of non fossil fuel
* Rallying the use of Non-Petroleum Liquid Fuels
* Use high cetan figures for motor octane number for diesel and gasoline engines
* Use of gas fuel
* Implementation of emulsification technologies (fuel mixing with water or other)

Based on the Air Treatment:
* Use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation technology (EGR)
* Setting temperatures of air entering the motor
* Humidification

Based Combustion Process:
* Modifications on the fuel pump and fuel injection system
* Fuel injection timing
* Setting the size of fuel droplets are injected
* Direct Injection of water into the combustion chamber

Meanwhile, the secondary emission reduction methods are:
* Use of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
* Implementation of Sea Water Scrubber technology for applications in ship
* The use of catalysts magnet mounted on the fuel pipe
* Use of the catalyst on the exhaust pipes of motor vehicles

5. End
See reality as it is written above, air pollution is one of the serious environmental problems in Indonesia today, in line with the increasing number of vehicles and increase in transportation economics. Test the feasibility of emissions since the last few years touted by the government and NGOs were also not running as expected. The number of vehicles on the road more days is increasing. In the Jakarta area are listed vehicles added 8.74% per year while the road infrastructure to increase 6.28% per year [3], add the collapsed condition of our air environment. Writer hopes to increase the cost of fuel for vehicles by the government may be one of the momentum for us all to move on to think about healthy air environment. Public awareness of the restrictions on the use of private vehicles and supported by the provision of mass transit is good and convenient by the government will create a healthy environment for human air